MDB'nin kesin nedeni belirsiz olsa da, aşağıda ayrıntılı olarak tartışılan bir dizi katkıda bulunan genetik ve çevresel faktör tanımlanmıştır.1
Not: "Sinaptik plastisite", önceden var olan sinapslarda sinaptik iletimin gücü veya etkinliğinin aktiviteye bağlı modifikasyonunu ifade eder.6
MDB: Majör Depresif Bozukluk, TSSB: Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu.
[1] Sullivan, P. F., Neale, M. C. & Kendler, K. S. Genetic epidemiology of major depression: review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Psychiatry 157, 1552–1562 (2000).
[2] Hirschfeld, R. M. A. History and evolution of the monoamine hypothesis of depression. J. Clin. Psychiatry 61, 4–6 (2000).
[3] Uchida, S., Yamagata, H., Seki, T. & Watanabe, Y. Epigenetic mechanisms of major depression: Targeting neuronal plasticity. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 72, 212–227 (2018).
[4] Penner-Goeke, S. & Binder, E. B. Epigenetics and depression. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. (2022).
[5] Murrough, J. W., Abdallah, C. G. & Mathew, S. J. Targeting glutamate signalling in depression: progress and prospects. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 16, 472–486 (2017).
[6] Citri, A. & Malenka, R. C. Synaptic plasticity: multiple forms, functions, and mechanisms. Neuropsychopharmacology 33, 18–41 (2008).
[7] Wray, N. R. et al. Genome-wide association analyses identify 44 risk variants and refine the genetic architecture of major depression. Nat. Genet. 50, 668–681 (2018).
[8] Kessler, R. C. & Bromet, E. J. The epidemiology of depression across cultures. Annu. Rev. Public Health 34, 119–138 (2013).
[9] Giannelis, A. et al. Examining the association between family status and depression in the UK Biobank. J. Affect. Disord. 279, 585–598 (2021).
[10] Bulloch, A. G., Williams, J. V, Lavorato, D. H. & Patten, S. B. The relationship between major depression and marital disruption is bidirectional. Depress. Anxiety 26, 1172–1177 (2009).
[11] Angst, J. et al. The epidemiology of common mental disorders from age 20 to 50: results from the prospective Zurich cohort Study. Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci. 25, 24–32 (2016).
[12] Vandeleur, C. L. et al. Prevalence and correlates of DSM-5 major depressive and related disorders in the community. Psychiatry Res. 250, 50–58 (2017).
[13] Hasin, D. S. et al. Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States. JAMA psychiatry 75, 336–346 (2018).
[14] Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders Global Health Estimates.
[15] WHO/Europe | Gender and mental health. www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-determinants/gender/activities/gender-and-non-communicable-diseases/gender-and-mentalhealth.
[16] Widom, C. S., DuMont, K. & Czaja, S. J. A prospective investigation of major depressive disorder and comorbidity in abused and neglected children grown up. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 64, 49–56 (2007).
[17] Lippard, E. T. C. & Nemeroff, C. B. The devastating clinical consequences of child abuse and neglect: increased disease vulnerability and poor treatment response in mood disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry 177, 20–36 (2020).
[18] Benjet, C., Borges, G. & Medina-Mora, M. E. Chronic childhood adversity and onset of psychopathology during three life stages: childhood, adolescence and adulthood. J. Psychiatr. Res. 44, 732–740 (2010).
[19] Humphreys, K. L. et al. Child maltreatment and depression: A meta-analysis of studies using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse Negl. 102, 104361 (2020).
[20] Gutiérrez-Rojas, L., Porras-Segovia, A., Dunne, H., Andrade-González, N. & Cervilla, J. A. Prevalence and correlates of major depressive disorder: a systematic review. Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr. 42, 657–672 (2020).
[21] Brady, K. T., Killeen, T. K., Brewerton, T. & Lucerini, S. Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry 61, 22–32 (2000).
[22] Campbell, D. G. et al. Prevalence of depression–PTSD comorbidity: Implications for clinical practice guidelines and primary care-based interventions. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 22, 711–718 (2007).
[23] D’Elia, A. T. D., Juruena, M. F., Coimbra, B. M., Mello, M. F. & Mello, A. F. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression severity in sexually assaulted women: hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis alterations. BMC Psychiatry 21, 1–12 (2021).
[24] Zhao, X. & Zhang, Z. Risk factors for postpartum depression: An evidence-based systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Asian J. Psychiatr. 53, 102353 (2020).
[25] Jääskeläinen, E. et al. Epidemiology of psychotic depression - systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol. Med. 48, 905–918 (2018).
[26] Buoli, M., Caldiroli, A. & Altamura, A. C. Psychotic versus non-psychotic major depressive disorder: a comparative naturalistic study. Asian J. Psychiatr. 6, 333–337 (2013).
[27] Meesters, Y. & Gordijn, M. Seasonal affective disorder, winter type: current insights and treatment options. Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag. (2016).
[28] Dumais, A. et al. Risk factors for suicide completion in major depression: a case-control study of impulsive and aggressive behaviors in men. Am. J. Psychiatry 162, 2116–2124 (2005).
[29] Xin, L.-M. et al. Risk Factors for Recent Suicide Attempts in Major Depressive Disorder Patients in China: Results From a National Study. Front. psychiatry 9, 300 (2018).
[30] Sher, L. Resilience as a focus of suicide research and prevention. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 140, 169–180 (2019).
[31] Probert-Lindström, S., Berge, J., Westrin, Å., Öjehagen, A. & Pavulans, K. S. Long-term risk factors for suicide in suicide attempters examined at a medical emergency in patient unit: results from a 32-year follow-up study. BMJ Open 10, e038794 (2020).
CP-312087